Evolution of Stainless Steel


Evolution of Stainless Steel

Early Discoveries (1798–1850s)

The journey of stainless steel began with groundbreaking discoveries. In 1798, Louis Vauquelin showcased chromium's potential at the French Academy. Through the early 1800s, British scientists like James Stoddart and Michael Faraday observed the resilience of chromium-iron alloys to oxidizing agents. Meanwhile, Robert Bunsen uncovered chromium's resistance to strong acids. Pierre Berthier, in 1821, recognized the corrosion resistance of iron-chromium alloys, proposing their use in cutlery.

Industrialization (1840s–1860s)

The 1840s witnessed significant strides as British and German steelmakers mass-produced chromium steel, with Krupp utilizing it for cannons by the 1850s. In 1861, Robert Forester Mushet patented chromium steel in Britain.

American Contribution (1860s–1890s)

In the United States, J. Baur of Chrome Steel Works introduced chromium-containing steel for bridge construction in the late 1860s, securing a patent in 1869. Englishmen John T. Woods and John Clark acknowledged the corrosion resistance of chromium alloys, pursuing commercial opportunities with a British patent for "Weather-Resistant Alloys."

Refinement and Innovation (Late 1800s–Early 1900s)

In the late 1890s, German chemist Hans Goldschmidt developed a revolutionary aluminothermic process for carbon-free chromium production. Leon Guillet and others, between 1904 and 1911, prepared alloys akin to modern stainless steel.

Advancements and Patents (1900s)

The early 20th century marked significant milestones. In 1908, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft launched the Germania, featuring a chrome-nickel steel hull. Philip Monnartz's 1911 report on chromium's correlation with corrosion resistance laid crucial groundwork. Finally, in 1912, Krupp engineers patented the austenitic stainless steel known as 18/8 or AISI type 304, named Nirosta.

American Innovations (1910s)

Christian Dantsizen and Frederick Becket spearheaded ferritic stainless steel industrialization in the United States, while Elwood Haynes patented a martensitic stainless steels alloy in 1912, granted in 1919.

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