Sources of Inclusions in Stainless Steel Products

 

Sources of Inclusions in Stainless Steel Products

Endogenous Inclusions

During stainless steel production, endogenous inclusions mainly arise from:

  • Deoxidizers (A1, FeSi, SiMn, etc.) added to molten steel, oxidizing to generate Al2O3, SiO2, MnOAl2O3, SiO2-MnO, and Al2O3.
  • Alloy elements (Cr, Ti, Si, Mn) partially oxidizing to form FeOCr2O3, SiO2-Cr2O3, Al2O3-Cr2O3, Cr2O3-MnS, TiO2, and other inclusions.
  • Secondary deoxygenation products forming during molten steel cooling, solidification, and crystallization due to temperature drop and local component segregation.

Foreign Inclusions

Foreign inclusions in finished stainless steel products result from:

  • Large inclusions introduced into molten steel due to erosion of refractory materials during smelting and casting.
  • Slag mixed into molten steel (e.g., steel slag mixed in the AOD tapping process) and secondary oxidation during transportation and casting.

Nitride Inclusions

Nitride in stainless steel liquid, primarily in the form of TiN, result from:

  • Dissolved [N] in steel interacting with N2 in the air absorbed during smelting and casting, along with [Ti] in the steel.
  • Solidification of molten steel producing other nitride types such as CrN and Cr2N.

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